Myotonometer Pubications List

Aarrestad DD, Williams MD, Fehrer S, Mikhailenok E, Leonard CT (2004). Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the Myotonometer for assessing the spastic condition of children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology. 2004 Nov;19(11): 894-901.

Aarrestad DD, Williams MD, Fehrer S, Mikhailenok E, Leonard CT (2003). Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the Myotonometer for assessing the spastic condition of children with cerebral palsy. Electronic publication: ptjournal.org/abstracts/pt2003.

Arokoski JP, Surakka J, Ojala T, Kolari P, Jurvelin JS (2005). Feasibility of the use of a novel soft tissue stiffness meter. Physiological Measurement, 26:215-228.

Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Sakai F, Olesen J (1999). Muscle hardness in patients with chronic tension-type headache: relation to actual headache state. Pain 1999; 79:201-205.

Bizzini M, and Mannion AF (2003). Reliability of a new, hand-held device for assessing skeletal muscle stiffness. Clinical Biomechanics, 459-461.

Coon, T., Ikeda, E., Lamb, J., & Sebastian, D (2002). The effects of strain-counterstrain on muscle hardness and tenderness in subjects with neck pain. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 32(1), A29.

Day M, Spafford N, Kitzman, P, Queen S (2004) The effect of position on muscle tone in post stroke patients. In press: Electronic publication: ptjournal.org/abstracts/pt2004.

Ditto, K., Fischer, M., Fehrer, S., & Leonard, CT (2002). Myotonometer assessment of changes in the triceps surae musculotendinous unit following a stretch intervention. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 32(1), A33.

Gubler HC, Marx BJ, & Leonard CT (2005). Comparison of the Myotonometer with sEMG and Isokinetic Dynamometry as Measures of Muscle Strength During Isometric Knee Extension. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 35 (1), 85-86.

Gubler, H.C., Laskin J., Marx B.J., Leonard C. (2007) Construct Validity of Myotonometric Measurements of Muscle Compliance as Measure of Strength. Physiological Measurements: Physics. 28:913-924.

Horikawa, M., Ebihara, S., Sakai, F., & Akiyama, M (1993). Non-invasive measurement method for hardness in muscular tissues. Med Biol Eng Comput, 31, 623-627.

Horikawa M (2001). Effect of visual display terminal height on the trapezius muscle hardness: quantitative evaluation by a newly developed muscle hardness meter. Applied Ergonomics, 32:473-478.

Kaplan, S, Chernyavasky G, Holland K, Palgi K, Pancholi C, Smith T, & Warley N (2001). Myotonometer: A reliability study. APTA-New Jersey State Conference Poster Presentation.

Kato G, Andrew PD, Sato H (2004). Reliability and validity of a device to measure muscle hardness. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 4(2): 213-225.

Leonard, C., Gardipee, K.A., Koontz J.R., Anderson J.H., & Willkins S.A. (2006) Correlation between impairment and motor performance during reaching taks in subjects with spastic hemiparesis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 38:243-249

Leonard, C., Brown, J., & Price, T., Queen SA, Mikhailenok EL (2004). Comparison of surface electromyography and myotonometric measurements during isometric contractions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 14:709-714

Leonard, C., Deshner, W., Romo, J., Suoja, E., Fehrer, S., & Mikhailenok, E (2003). Myotonometer intra and inter-rater reliabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 928-932.

Leonard, C., Brown, J., & Price, T (2002). Comparison of surface electromyography and myotonometric measurements during isometric contractions. Archives Phys Med and Rehabil, 83:1683.

Leonard, C (2001). Examination and management of spasticity and weakness. Neurology Report, 25(3), 106-112.

Leonard, C., Stephens, J., & Stroppel, S. (2001). Assessing the spastic condition of individuals with upper motoneuron involvement: Validity of the Myotonometer. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82, 1416-1420.

Leonard, C., & Mikhailenok, E. (2000). The Myotonometer: A computerized electronic device that quantifies muscle tone/compliance, paresis and spasticity (Abstract) Physical Therapy, 80, S18.

Leonard, C., Mikhailenok, E., Stephens, J., & Stroppel, S. (2000). The Myotonometer: Validity of the device and protocol to quantify muscle tone/compliance and other aspects of the spastic condition. Neurology Report, 24(5), 187.

Mayston, MJ. (2003) Strength training for children with cerebral palsy. Poster presentation and abstract. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Congress 2003.

Murayama, M., Nosaka, K., Yoneda, T., & Minamitani, K. (2000). Changes in hardness of the human elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 82, 361-367.

Nansel D, Waldorf T, Cooperstein R. (1993). Effect of cervical spinal adjustments on lumbar paraspinal muscle tone: Evidence for facilitation of intersegmental tonic neck reflexes. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16:91-95.

Rydahl SJ, & Brouwer BJ. (2004). Ankle stiffness and tissue compliance in stroke survivors: A validation of Myotonometer measurements. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85:1631-37.

Shchurova EN, Shchurov VA, Grebenyuk LA. (2004). Age-related changes in contractile capacity of lower extremity muscles caused by inadequate blood supply. Human Physiology, 30(2): 209-215.

Sakai, F., Ebihara, S., Akiyama, M., & Horikawa, M. (1995). Pericranial muscle hardness in tension-type headache: A non-invasive measurement method and its clinical application. Brain, 118, 523-531.

Steinberg, B., & Gelberman, R. (1994). Evaluation of limb compartments with suspected increased interstitial pressure. Clinical Orthopaedics and related Research, 300, 248-253.

References Establishing Relationship Between Muscle Stiffness, Muscle Activation and Torque Production During Contraction

Bizzini M, and Mannion AF. (2003). Reliability of a new, hand-held device for assessing skeletal muscle stiffness. Clinical Biomechanics, 459-461.

Cannon, S, & Zahalak, G. (1982). The mechanical behavior of active human skeletal muscle in small oscillations. J Biomech, 15: 111-121.

Carter, R, Crago, P, & Gorman, P. (1993). Nonlinear stretch reflex interaction during co contraction. J Neurophysiol, 69: 943-952.

Horikawa, M, Ebihara, S, Sakai, F, & Akiyama, M. (1993). Non-invasive measurement method for hardness in muscular tissues. Med Biol Eng Comput 31: 623-627.

Kato G, Andrew PD, Sato H. (2004) Reliability and validity of a device to measure muscle hardness. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 4(2): 213-225.

Kearney RE, & Hunter IW. (1990). System identification of human joint dynamics. CRC Crit Rev Biomed Eng 18: 55-87.

Lan, N, & Crago, P. (1994). Optimal control of antagonistic muscle stiffness during voluntary movements. Biological Cybernetics 71: 123-135.

Leonard, C., Brown, J., & Price, T., Queen SA, Mikhailenok EL. (2004). Comparison of surface electromyography and myotonometric measurements during isometric contractions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 14:709-714.

Leonard, C., Brown, J., & Price, T. (2002). Comparison of surface electromyography and myotonometric measurements during isometric contractions. Archives Phys Med and Rehabil, 83: 1683.

Walsh, E. (1992). Muscles, Masses and Motion. The Physiology of Normality, Hypotonicity, Spasticity and Rigidity. London: MacKeith Press.

Woledge, R, Curtin, N, & Homsher, E. (1985). Energetic Aspects of Muscle Contraction. London: Academic Press.

Sport-related Myotonometer References

Bizzini M, and Mannion AF. (2003) Reliability of a new, hand-held device for assessing skeletal muscle stiffness. Clinical Biomechanics, 459-461.

Coon, T., Ikeda, E., Lamb, J., & Sebastian, D. (2002). The effects of strain-counterstrain on muscle hardness and tenderness in subjects with neck pain. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 32(1), A29.

Ditto, K., Fischer, M., Fehrer, S., & Leonard, C. (2002). Myotonometer assessment of changes in the triceps surae musculotendinous unit following a stretch intervention. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 32(1), A33.

Kato G, Andrew PD, Sato H. (2004) Reliability and validity of a device to measure muscle hardness. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 4(2): 213-225.

Leonard, C., Deshner, W., Romo, J., Suoja, E., Fehrer, S., & Mikhailenok, E. (2003). Myotonometer intra and inter-rater reliabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 928-932.

Leonard, C., Brown, J., & Price, T. (2002). Comparison of surface electromyography and myotonometric measurements during isometric contractions. Archives Phys Med and Rehabil, 83:1683.

Shchurova EN, Shchurov VA, Grebenyuk LA. (2004). Age-related changes in contractile capacity of lower extremity muscles caused by inadequate blood supply. Human Physiology, 30(2): 209-215.